In correlational studies,it is always possible that an unmeasured factor is responsible for the relationship observed.This complication is known as

A) observer bias.
B) researcher bias.
C) the directionality problem.
D) the third variable problem.

Third Variable Problem

A challenge in research where an unmeasured, external factor causes the correlation between two variables, complicating causal interpretations.

Directionality Problem

In research, the issue of not knowing whether variable A causes variable B or vice versa.

Correlational Studies

Correlational studies are research methods that examine the relationship between two or more variables to determine if a statistically significant association exists, without inferring cause and effect.