Identify who, what, where, when, and/or why the following are important:
1. Republicanism
2. William Howe
3. Bicameral legislature
4. Deborah Sampson Gannet
5. League of Armed Neutrality
6. John Jay
7. Federalism
8. Popular sovereignty
9. Federalist Papers
10. Shay's Rebellion

1. **Republicanism** is an important political philosophy that emphasizes the role of citizens in a state as political beings with an emphasis on liberty, civic virtue, and the avoidance of corruption. It often features the idea of a government being a public matter (res publica) and is the root of many democratic systems of government, particularly in the context of the United States, where it influenced the Founding Fathers and the shaping of American political ideology.
2. **William Howe** was a key figure in the American Revolutionary War, serving as a British Army officer who rose to become Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the early years of the war. His decisions during campaigns in New York and Philadelphia, and his failure to support Burgoyne at Saratoga, are often cited as contributing factors to the eventual British defeat.
3. **Bicameral legislature** refers to a legislative body that has two separate chambers or houses, typically an upper and a lower house, such as the Senate and the House of Representatives in the United States Congress. This system is important as it allows for checks and balances within the legislative process, and can represent different forms of constituencies, such as states or population groups.
4. **Deborah Sampson Gannett** is an important figure in American history for disguising herself as a man in order to serve in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Her service demonstrated the capability and contribution of women in a time when they were not allowed to serve in the military.
5. **League of Armed Neutrality** was an alliance of several European naval powers between 1780 and 1783 which was intended to protect neutral shipping against the Royal Navy's policy of unrestricted warfare at sea during the American Revolutionary War. It was significant as it challenged British naval dominance and provided indirect support to the American cause.
6. **John Jay** was an important American statesman and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He co-authored the Federalist Papers, served as the first Chief Justice of the United States, and negotiated the Treaty of Paris and Jay's Treaty, which were crucial in the establishment and stabilization of the United States in its early years.
7. **Federalism** is a system of government where power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units (like states or provinces). This principle is important in the context of the United States, where it defines the relationship between the national government and the states, and is a foundational element of the U.S. Constitution.
8. **Popular sovereignty** is the principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives. This idea was a fundamental concept that underpinned the American Revolution and the establishment of the United States, influencing the development of democratic governments worldwide.
9. **Federalist Papers** are a series of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym "Publius," promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. These papers are important as they laid out the philosophical and practical foundations of the new government's system of federalism and have been used as a key reference in the interpretation of the Constitution.
10. **Shays' Rebellion** was an armed uprising in Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787 by American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt. The rebellion is significant because it highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and led to calls for a stronger national government, which ultimately resulted in the Constitutional Convention and the creation of the U.S. Constitution.