Identify who, what, where, when, and/or why the following are important:
1. Agrarianism
2. Camp meetings
3. Judith Sargent Murray
4. Denmark Vesey
5. John C. Calhoun
6. Transcontinental Treaty of 1819
7. Rush-Bagot Agreement
8. Lyman Beecher
9. Bonus Bill
10. Self-determination

1. **Agrarianism**: This is a social and political philosophy that values rural society as superior to urban society, and sees farming as a way of life that can shape ideal social values. It is important because it has influenced agricultural and land policies, particularly in the United States during the 18th and 19th centuries, and has been a significant force in the politics and writings of figures like Thomas Jefferson.

2. **Camp meetings**: These were religious revival meetings that became popular in the early 19th century in America, particularly among Methodists and Baptists. They were held outdoors and lasted several days, attracting large crowds. Camp meetings are important because they played a key role in the spread of the Second Great Awakening, a Protestant religious revival movement.
3. **Judith Sargent Murray**: An early American advocate for women's rights, Judith Sargent Murray was an essayist, playwright, and poet. She is important because she was one of the first American proponents of the idea of gender equality, arguing that women, like men, had the ability for intellectual achievement and should be given educational opportunities.
4. **Denmark Vesey**: He was an African American man who had purchased his freedom and was alleged to have planned a large slave rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822. The importance of Denmark Vesey lies in the impact his planned rebellion had on the South, leading to stricter slave codes and a heightened sense of fear among slaveholders of potential uprisings.
5. **John C. Calhoun**: An American statesman from South Carolina, Calhoun served as Vice President under both John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. He was a staunch defender of slavery and states' rights and is important for his role in articulating the concept of nullification, which held that states could ignore federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.
6. **Transcontinental Treaty of 1819 (Adams-Onís Treaty)**: This treaty between the United States and Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain (now Mexico). It is important because it resolved territorial disputes between the two countries and was a significant step in the westward expansion of the United States.
7. **Rush-Bagot Agreement**: An 1817 agreement between the U.S. and Britain that effectively demilitarized the Great Lakes by limiting naval power on the lakes for both countries. It is important because it laid the groundwork for a long-lasting peace between the United States and Canada and is considered one of the first disarmament treaties.
8. **Lyman Beecher**: A Presbyterian minister and an influential figure in the Second Great Awakening, Beecher is important for his role in American religious history and as an advocate of temperance and abolition. He was also the father of Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of "Uncle Tom's Cabin."
9. **Bonus Bill**: Proposed by John C. Calhoun in 1817, the Bonus Bill would have used bonus payments from the Second Bank of the United States to fund internal improvements like roads and canals. It is important because it raised questions about the role of the federal government in funding infrastructure, a debate that continues to this day.
10. **Self-determination**: This is a principle in international law that allows peoples to determine their own political status and pursue their own economic, social, and cultural development. It is important because it has been a foundational concept in the decolonization movements post-World War II and is a key factor in conflicts and discussions regarding national sovereignty and independence around the world.