Identify theories of intergroup conflict that suggest disputes between groups are inevitable,and contrast them with theories that are more optimistic.

There are several theories of intergroup conflict that suggest disputes between groups are inevitable. One such theory is realistic group conflict theory, which posits that competition for limited resources leads to conflict between groups. This theory suggests that as long as there are scarce resources, groups will inevitably come into conflict with each other.

Another theory is social identity theory, which argues that individuals derive their self-esteem from their group memberships, and therefore are motivated to enhance the status of their own group at the expense of others. This theory suggests that intergroup conflict is inevitable as long as people continue to derive their identity and self-worth from their group memberships.

On the other hand, there are theories that are more optimistic about intergroup conflict. One such theory is the contact hypothesis, which suggests that intergroup conflict can be reduced through positive interactions between members of different groups. This theory emphasizes the importance of intergroup contact and positive communication in reducing conflict and promoting harmony between groups.

Another more optimistic theory is the common ingroup identity model, which proposes that emphasizing shared identities and common goals between groups can reduce intergroup conflict. This theory suggests that by highlighting what groups have in common rather than their differences, conflict between groups can be minimized.

In contrast to the theories that suggest intergroup conflict is inevitable, these more optimistic theories offer hope for reducing conflict and promoting cooperation between groups. By emphasizing the potential for positive interactions and shared identities, these theories provide a more optimistic outlook on intergroup relations.