How does temperature changes with respect to latitude and season?

Because the sun strikes the earth at an oblique angle because of the tilt of the earth's axis, some portions of the earth do not receive equal sunlight. The lower latitudes, near the equator, receive a more uniform amount of sunlight, resulting in a more constant warm temperature. This also results in the polar areas receiving less sunlight, and the sunlight that does reach it has to pass through thicker layers of atmosphere.
The same phenomenon also causes seasonality.