How do upstream and downstream inventory transfers differ in their effect in a year-end consolidation?

Upstream Inventory Transfers

Transactions where goods are sent from a subsidiary to the parent company, often analyzed for transfer pricing and tax purposes.

Downstream Inventory Transfers

The movement of inventory from a parent company to a subsidiary or between subsidiaries, typically involving finished goods or products closer to the end of the supply chain.

Year-end Consolidation

The process of combining and integrating all financial statements and data of a corporation and its subsidiaries at the end of the fiscal year to produce consolidated financial statements.