How do scholars explain differences in skin color and other physical attributes that have been used as "markers" of race?

Scholars explain differences in skin color and other physical attributes that have been used as "markers" of race as a result of genetic variations that have developed over thousands of years in response to different environmental factors. These variations are not indicative of distinct racial categories, but rather reflect the diverse range of human populations and their adaptations to different climates, diets, and lifestyles. Additionally, the concept of race as a biological category has been debunked by scientific research, which has shown that genetic differences between individuals within the same so-called racial group are often greater than those between individuals from different groups. Therefore, the use of physical attributes as markers of race is a social construct rather than a biological reality. Scholars emphasize the importance of understanding and celebrating human diversity while challenging the notion of race as a fixed and meaningful biological category.