Give an example of a conditioned response.

A conditioned response is a learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus that occurs as a result of repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus. One classic example of a conditioned response is Pavlov's dogs experiment.

In this experiment, Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, demonstrated how dogs could learn to associate a neutral stimulus, such as the sound of a bell, with an unconditioned stimulus, which in this case was food. Initially, the dogs would salivate naturally when they saw or smelled their food (unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus). Pavlov then started ringing a bell (neutral stimulus) just before presenting the food to the dogs. After several repetitions of this pairing, the dogs began to salivate in response to the bell alone, even when no food was presented. The salivation in response to the bell is what is known as a conditioned response.

This conditioned response occurs because the dogs learned to associate the sound of the bell with the arrival of food. The bell, which initially had no effect on the dogs' salivation, became a conditioned stimulus that elicited the conditioned response of salivation. This process is also known as classical conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning.