Examine the issue of tariff rates during the late nineteenth century. What stand was taken by the Republicans, by the Democrats, and by the Populists on this issue? Why? Identify the major pieces of tariff legislation of the period, and explain the consequences of each.

During the late nineteenth century, the issue of tariff rates was a major point of contention in American politics. Tariffs, or taxes on imported goods, were a significant source of government revenue at the time and were also used to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

The Republicans generally supported high tariff rates, as they believed in protecting American industries and promoting economic growth. They argued that high tariffs would help to maintain high wages for American workers and prevent foreign goods from flooding the market.

On the other hand, the Democrats generally favored lower tariff rates, as they believed that high tariffs led to higher prices for consumers and hindered international trade. They argued that lower tariffs would lead to cheaper goods for consumers and promote free trade.

The Populists, a third party that emerged during this time, also opposed high tariff rates. They believed that high tariffs benefited wealthy industrialists at the expense of farmers and working-class Americans. They advocated for lower tariffs and government regulation of monopolies to promote fair competition and protect the interests of the common people.

The major pieces of tariff legislation during this period included the McKinley Tariff of 1890, the Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894, and the Dingley Tariff of 1897. The McKinley Tariff raised tariff rates to their highest levels in history, leading to increased prices for consumers and a backlash from farmers and consumers. The Wilson-Gorman Tariff, passed by a Democratic Congress, aimed to lower tariff rates but was ultimately watered down through amendments and did not have a significant impact. The Dingley Tariff, passed by Republicans, raised tariff rates once again and remained in effect for over a decade, contributing to a period of economic prosperity but also leading to increased tensions with trading partners.

In conclusion, the issue of tariff rates during the late nineteenth century was a major point of contention between the major political parties. The Republicans generally supported high tariffs to protect American industries, while the Democrats and Populists favored lower tariffs to promote free trade and protect the interests of consumers and farmers. The major pieces of tariff legislation of the period had varying consequences, with some leading to increased prices and economic tensions, while others contributed to economic growth and prosperity.