Emile Durkheim viewed punishment as promoting social ______ through an affirmation of values,and its expression of outrage upon the commission of an offense.

A) discord
B) solidarity
C) harmony
D) equality

Durkheim believed that punishment reinforces social solidarity, or the shared values and beliefs of a society. Punishment serves as a symbol of the collective outrage against those who violate these values, and it reinforces the idea that society is united in upholding them. Punishment also helps to maintain social order and prevent further deviant behavior.