Discuss the factors that led to the rise of Islamic orthodoxy in the Middle East in the 1970s and the response to them by the major world powers.

The rise of Islamic orthodoxy in the Middle East in the 1970s can be attributed to several factors. One of the key factors was the failure of secular nationalist movements to address the social and economic needs of the population. This led to a disillusionment with secular ideologies and a search for alternative solutions, with many turning to Islamic orthodoxy for guidance and support.

Another factor was the influence of conservative Islamic leaders and organizations, who capitalized on the growing dissatisfaction with secular governments and promoted a return to traditional Islamic values and practices. This was particularly evident in countries like Iran, where the Islamic Revolution in 1979 led to the establishment of an Islamic state under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini.

The response to the rise of Islamic orthodoxy by major world powers was mixed. The United States and its allies initially supported conservative Islamic movements as a counterbalance to leftist and nationalist movements in the region. However, they soon realized that these movements posed a threat to their interests, particularly as they sought to establish Islamic states and challenge Western influence in the region.

As a result, the major world powers began to support more moderate and secular governments in the Middle East, while also taking measures to contain the influence of Islamic orthodoxy. This included providing military and financial support to governments that were seen as bulwarks against Islamic extremism, as well as engaging in diplomatic efforts to promote stability and counter radicalization.

Overall, the rise of Islamic orthodoxy in the Middle East in the 1970s was a complex phenomenon driven by a combination of social, political, and religious factors. The response to this by major world powers was similarly complex, reflecting their evolving interests and strategies in the region.