Discuss the ethical issues surrounding the use of infertility treatments and reproductive technologies.

In the case of artificial insemination,where the donor is used by many women,the child may have several or more half-siblings that they do not know about.A concern with fertility drugs and IVF is that they result in multiple births or multiple stored embryos.Multiple births increases the chance that the babies will be born with low birth weights which leads to health problems and learning disabilities.The issue of multiple embryos concerns who is responsible for the embryos.Can they be destroyed,stored indefinitely,put up for adoption,used for medical research? A growing number of childless people are using women from India as surrogates.This practice has been criticized as "reproductive tourism" that exploits poor women because they need the money and risks their lives because of the possible complications of pregnancy and childbirth.Reproductive technologies can also allow much older women to have children.For some this practice is viewed as immoral as the parent will not live long enough to raise the children and also dangerous to the woman's health.Prenatal testing now enables physicians to identify genetic diseases in the embryo before implantation.Some fear that this will increase abortions of imperfect embryos and open the door to a "new eugenics" as parents "customize" their children for specific characteristics.Medical treatments for infertility tend to be expensive and rarely covered by insurance limiting them to a fluent couples.Because only the rich can afford genetic engineering,the technology does not benefit all social classes.Some parents conceive children in order to use their umbilical cord tissue to save the life of a sick sibling.Although they may love the new child as much as their other children,is it ethical to bear babies primarily so their tissue can help other children? Finally,the question arises as to how many parents can a child have.Who are the parents of a child who has a sperm donor,and egg donor,a surrogate mother,and a stepparent who adopts the child?