Discuss the changes that took place in the New England textile industry from the establishment of the Waltham system from 1813 to 1850. How did the workers react to these changes?

The establishment of the Waltham system in 1813 brought significant changes to the New England textile industry. This system, also known as the Waltham-Lowell system, was a new method of textile production that combined all stages of manufacturing under one roof, from spinning to weaving. This allowed for greater efficiency and increased production, leading to the rapid growth of the textile industry in New England.

One major change that took place during this time was the shift from small-scale, decentralized production to large-scale, centralized production. This led to the construction of large factory buildings and the concentration of workers in urban areas, particularly in Lowell, Massachusetts. The Waltham system also introduced the use of power looms and other machinery, further increasing the speed and volume of textile production.

As for the workers, their reactions to these changes were mixed. On one hand, the Waltham system provided employment opportunities for many young women from rural areas, who were able to earn wages and gain independence by working in the textile mills. However, the working conditions in these factories were often harsh, with long hours, low pay, and little job security. This led to the formation of labor unions and worker strikes in protest of these conditions.

Overall, the establishment of the Waltham system brought about significant changes in the New England textile industry, leading to increased production and urbanization. However, it also sparked resistance from workers who sought better working conditions and fair treatment.