Describe some of the tools that the United States has used to conduct foreign policy.What is the role of diplomacy? What has been the influence of the United Nations (UN)since it was created? What did the United States do to create a new international monetary structure after World War II?

There are four components to this question.
a.Tools of foreign policy: The most important tools for the United States in implementing its foreign policy in the modern era have been diplomacy,the United Nations,the international monetary structure,economic aid and sanctions,collective security,military force,and arbitration.
b.Role of diplomacy: Diplomacy plays a relatively small role.It is often overshadowed by spectacular international events,dramatic initiatives,and meetings among heads of state or their direct personal representatives.So much personal responsibility has been heaped on the presidency that presidents are reluctant to entrust any of their authority or responsibility in foreign policy to professional diplomats in the State Department and other bureaucracies.Additionally,Americans have traditionally distrusted diplomacy.
c.Influence of United Nations: The utility of the UN as an instrument of foreign policy can be easily underestimated because the UN is a large and unwieldy institution with few powers and no armed forces to implement its rules and resolutions.The UN has had frequent successes in providing a forum for negotiation and,on some occasions,a means of preventing international conflicts from spreading; on a number of occasions,the UN has also been a convenient cover for U.S.foreign policy goals.
d.New international monetary structure: Fear of a repeat of the economic devastation that followed World War I brought the United States together with its allies to create two institutions: the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).The World Bank was set up to finance long-term capital.The IMF was set up to provide for the short-term flow of money.