Canada's Indigenous people have experienced years of historic disadvantage.This disadvantage was represented in treaty violations, colonialism, residential schools, and the apprehension and adoption of Indigenous children into non-Indigenous families.Which term best characterizes this historical disadvantage?

A) xenophobia
B) societal racism
C) individual racism
D) institutional racism

Institutional racism refers to the ways in which racism is built into the structures, policies, and practices of social institutions such as the government, education system, and legal system. In the case of Canada's Indigenous people, the disadvantage they have experienced is due to the systemic and institutionalized racism that has been perpetuated throughout Canadian society for centuries. Treaty violations, colonialism, residential schools, and the apprehension and adoption of Indigenous children were all policies and practices that were rooted in institutionalized racism. Therefore, option D is the best choice to characterize Canada's historical disadvantage to Indigenous people.