By reducing labor turnover,unions may increase productivity because a lower turnover rate:

A) results in a less-experienced workforce.
B) increases the incentive for firms to provide training to their workers.
C) allows firms to employ a greater number of younger,more energetic workers.
D) increases the incentive for firms to substitute labor for capital in the production process.

When there is a lower turnover rate, firms have less need to invest time and resources in finding and training new workers. This gives them an incentive to provide more training to their existing workers, which can lead to increased productivity. Therefore, reducing labor turnover through unionization can increase productivity by allowing firms to focus on improving the skills and knowledge of their current workforce.