As per Marlatt, the AVE is paired with the:

A) initial negative effects of the substance
B) initial positive effects of the substance
C) craving
D) none of the above

Marlatt's model of relapse prevention focuses on identifying high-risk situations and teaching alternative coping strategies. According to this model, the initial positive effects of the substance use can trigger a desire to use again, leading to relapse. The AVE (abstinence violation effect) occurs when an individual breaks their abstinence by using the substance, and then experiences negative emotions such as guilt or shame. This negative emotional response can also trigger a desire to use again, leading to further relapse. Therefore, the AVE is paired with the initial positive effects of the substance, rather than the initial negative effects or craving.