__________ are characterized by closed communication, by the poor self-esteem of one or both parents, and by rigid patterns.

A) Transferences
B) Family secrets
C) Functional families
D) Dysfunctional families

Dysfunctional Families

Family units that exhibit patterns of behavior and interaction that are unhealthy or detrimental to the emotional, psychological, or physical well-being of their members.

Closed Communication

A form of communication where feedback is limited or non-existent, often leading to misunderstandings or lack of engagement.

Rigid Patterns

Fixed and inflexible habits or ways of thinking, behaving, or responding that are difficult to change.