An agency relationship can be created by

A) actual authority.
B) estoppel.
C) ratification.
D) apparent authority.
E) all of the above.

Agency relationships can be created through various means, including actual authority (where the agent is explicitly given the power to act on behalf of the principal), estoppel (where the principal's actions lead a third party to believe that an agent has authority), ratification (where the principal approves the actions of someone who acted on their behalf without authority), and apparent authority (where the agent appears to have the authority to act on behalf of the principal, leading third parties to reasonably believe so).