All of the following have contributed to the changes in modern retailing except

A) the growth in global retail opportunities.
B) the rise of Internet shopping outlets.
C) the development of business-to-consumer commerce.
D) industry consolidation and flattening sales growth.
E) the conversion of "mom and pop" shops to chain organizations.

Industry consolidation and flattening sales growth have not contributed to changes in modern retailing; instead, they are outcomes of various pressures including competition and market saturation. The other options directly contribute to the evolution of retail by expanding market reach, changing consumer behavior, and altering the structure of retail businesses.