All of the following factors contributed to the high death rates and low birth rates among slaves on Caribbean islands EXCEPT

A) the large populations of white settlers who competed with slaves for the islands' resources.
B) the grueling work hours which slaves endured.
C) the skimpy and often healthy provisions given to slaves by masters.
D) the relatively small numbers of female slaves.

Death Rates

A measure of the number of deaths in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time.

Birth Rates

The number of live births per thousand of population per year, a crucial demographic indicator affecting a nation's population growth.

White Settlers

Individuals of European descent who established communities in territories outside of Europe, often leading to the displacement of indigenous populations.