According to Malthus,which of the following are forces hold population growth in check?

A) preventive measures
B) "advices"
C) positive checks
D) all of these choices
E) preventive measures and positive checks

According to Malthus, both preventive measures and positive checks act as forces that hold population growth in check. Preventive measures, such as contraceptive use or delaying marriage, aim to limit the number of births. Positive checks, such as disease, famine or war, act to reduce the population through higher rates of mortality. Therefore, the correct answer is (E) preventive measures and positive checks.