According to Goffman, total institutions are _____ organizations that are cut off from the rest of society and in which members lead strictly controlled lives.

A) coercive
B) utilitarian
C) monolithic
D) . normative

Goffman defines total institutions as coercive organizations because they use force, punishment, and strict control to maintain order and obedience among their members. They are typically closed off from the rest of society and have their own rules and regulations, leading to a loss of individuality and autonomy among members. Utilitarian organizations are focused on achieving specific goals, while normative organizations are based on shared values and beliefs. Monolithic is not a term used by Goffman to describe total institutions.