A researcher notes that when his nose gets cold,he is more likely to slip on the ice when leaving his office building.The researcher then writes a paper stating that there is an association between cold noses and falling down.This association is:

A) connected
B) independent
C) dependent
D) spurious
E) controlled

The association between a cold nose and a higher likelihood of slipping on ice is spurious, meaning it is a coincidence and not caused by any meaningful connection between the two factors. The researcher's personal experience does not provide evidence of a causal relationship, and the association is not supported by any other data.