A researcher conducts a study of the effects of drinking or not drinking coffee on calculus test scores in a group of college students. In this study, the presence or absence of coffee is the __________.

A) dependent variable
B) independent variable
C) experimental group
D) sample

Independent Variable

An independent variable is a variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to test its effects on dependent variables.

Drinking Coffee

The act of consuming coffee, a brewed beverage prepared from roasted coffee beans, often praised for its stimulant effects due to caffeine.

Calculus Test Scores

These are the numerical or qualitative assessments measuring a student's understanding and skill in calculus.